The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that enables communication, data transfer, and access to information worldwide. It connects millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.
इंटरनेट कंप्यूटर और सर्वरों का वैश्विक नेटवर्क है जो दुनिया भर में संचार, डेटा ट्रांसफर और सूचना तक पहुँच की सुविधा प्रदान करता है। यह लाखों निजी, सार्वजनिक, शैक्षणिक, व्यावसायिक और सरकारी नेटवर्क को जोड़ता है।
🖥️ History of Internet
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1960s: ARPANET – First packet-switching network.
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1980s: TCP/IP protocol standardization.
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1990s: World Wide Web (WWW) invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
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2000s onwards: Rapid growth of broadband, Wi-Fi, mobile internet, cloud computing.
🌐 How Internet Works
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Data broken into packets
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Packets transmitted via routers and switches
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Packets follow TCP/IP protocol for addressing and delivery
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Receiver reassembles packets
हिन्दी:
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डेटा को पैकेट्स में बांटना
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पैकेट्स को राउटर और स्विच के माध्यम से भेजना
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TCP/IP प्रोटोकॉल के अनुसार पैकेट्स का पता लगाना और डिलीवरी
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रिसीवर पैकेट्स को फिर से जोड़ता है
🧱 Types of Internet Connections
| Type | English | हिन्दी |
|---|---|---|
| Dial-up | Uses telephone lines | टेलीफोन लाइनों का उपयोग |
| DSL | High-speed over telephone lines | टेलीफोन लाइनों के जरिए हाई-स्पीड |
| Cable Broadband | Uses cable TV lines | केबल टीवी लाइनों का उपयोग |
| Fiber Optic | High-speed optical fiber | ऑप्टिकल फाइबर के जरिए उच्च गति |
| Satellite | Uses satellite communication | सैटेलाइट संचार का उपयोग |
| Wireless / Mobile | Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, 5G | वाई-फाई, मोबाइल नेटवर्क |
⚙️ Key Internet Components
| Component | English | हिन्दी |
|---|---|---|
| IP Address | Unique identifier of a device on internet | इंटरनेट पर डिवाइस का अद्वितीय पता |
| IPv4 / IPv6 | 32-bit / 128-bit addressing | 32-बिट / 128-बिट पता |
| Domain Name | Human-readable address (example.com) | मानव-पठनीय पता |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator – web page address | वेब पेज का पता |
| Web Server | Hosts websites and serves pages | वेबसाइट होस्ट करता है और पेज भेजता है |
| Web Browser | Software to access web pages | वेब पेज देखने का सॉफ़्टवेयर |
| ISP | Internet Service Provider | इंटरनेट सेवा प्रदाता |
🌐 Internet Services
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WWW (World Wide Web) – Access web pages, documents, multimedia.
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Email – Send/receive messages (SMTP, POP3, IMAP).
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FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – Upload/download files.
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VoIP – Voice over IP (e.g., Skype).
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Online Banking / E-Commerce – Transactions over the internet.
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Social Media – Communication and networking platforms.
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Cloud Computing – Access remote servers and storage.
🔗 Protocols & Standards
| Protocol | Use |
|---|---|
| TCP/IP | Core communication protocol of internet |
| HTTP/HTTPS | Web page transfer (secure for HTTPS) |
| FTP | File transfer between client/server |
| SMTP | Sending emails |
| POP3 / IMAP | Receiving emails |
| DNS | Resolves domain names to IP addresses |
| SSL/TLS | Secure web communication / encryption |
🧠 Internet Security Basics
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Firewall: Blocks unauthorized access.
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Antivirus / Anti-malware: Detects malicious software.
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VPN: Secure remote connection.
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Encryption: Protects data in transit.
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Cyber Law & IPR: Legal protection against misuse.
🧩 MCQs (EMRS / KVS / NVS)
Q1. The full form of URL is —
✅ Answer: Uniform Resource Locator
Q2. IPv4 is how many bits?
✅ Answer: 32-bit
Q3. Which protocol is used to send emails?
✅ Answer: SMTP
Q4. DNS stands for —
✅ Answer: Domain Name System
Q5. Which Internet service is used for file uploading/downloading?
✅ Answer: FTP
Q6. Web browser is used to —
✅ Answer: Access web pages
Q7. Secure web communication uses —
✅ Answer: HTTPS / SSL / TLS
Q8. ISP stands for —
✅ Answer: Internet Service Provider
Q9. The World Wide Web was invented by —
✅ Answer: Tim Berners-Lee
Q10. Which internet connection uses optical fiber for high-speed?
✅ Answer: Fiber Optic
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