EMRS Tier-I Syllabus Part-III: Basics of Operating System, Knowledge of ICT (Information & Communication Technology), PGT, TGT, Non Teaching Post, Exam 2025

Topic 2: Basics of Operating System

🖥️ What is an Operating System?

English:
An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides services to users and applications. It acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware.

Hindi (हिन्दी):
ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (OS) एक सिस्टम सॉफ़्टवेयर है जो कंप्यूटर के हार्डवेयर और सॉफ़्टवेयर संसाधनों का प्रबंधन करता है तथा उपयोगकर्ता और हार्डवेयर के बीच एक सेतु का कार्य करता है।

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⚙️ Main Functions of Operating System

1. Process Management (प्रक्रिया प्रबंधन) – Manages CPU scheduling and execution of processes.
2. Memory Management (मेमोरी प्रबंधन) – Allocates and deallocates memory space.
3. File Management (फ़ाइल प्रबंधन) – Handles storage, retrieval, and organization of files.
4. Device Management (डिवाइस प्रबंधन) – Controls input/output devices through drivers.
5. Security & Protection (सुरक्षा एवं संरक्षण) – Protects data from unauthorized access.
6. User Interface (यूज़र इंटरफ़ेस) – Provides CLI or GUI for user interaction.

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💾 Types of Operating Systems

Type	Description	Examples
Batch OS	Executes batches of jobs without manual intervention.	Early IBM systems
Time-Sharing OS	Multiple users share CPU time.	UNIX, Linux
Distributed OS	Manages group of computers as one.	LOCUS
Real-Time OS (RTOS)	Responds quickly to real-time inputs.	VxWorks, QNX
Network OS	Controls and manages connected computers.	Windows Server, Novell NetWare
Mobile OS	Designed for smartphones/tablets.	Android, iOS

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📂 Examples of Popular Operating Systems

• Windows – Most used graphical OS by Microsoft.

• Linux – Open-source, secure, used for servers.

• macOS – Apple’s UNIX-based OS.

• Android/iOS – Mobile platforms.

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🧩 Important Terms

• Kernel: Core of OS controlling all operations.

• Shell: Interface between user and kernel.

• Booting: Process of starting the computer.

• Multitasking: Running multiple tasks simultaneously.

• Virtual Memory: Extends RAM using hard disk space.

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📝 Previous Year / Expected MCQs

Q1. (KVS 2019)
Which of the following is an Operating System?
A) MS Excel B) Linux C) Oracle D) MS Word
✅ Answer: B) Linux

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Q2. (NVS 2020)
Which part of OS remains in memory always?
A) Shell B) Command Interpreter C) Kernel D) Scheduler
✅ Answer: C) Kernel

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Q3. (EMRS Mock 2023)
What is the first program that runs when a computer starts?
✅ Answer: Boot Loader

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Q4. (KVS 2018)
Which OS allows multiple users to access computer resources simultaneously?
✅ Answer: Multi-User Operating System

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Q5. (NVS 2017)
Which memory is used for virtual memory implementation?
✅ Answer: Hard Disk

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Q6. (EMRS Mock 2023)
Which of the following is an open-source OS?
✅ Answer: Linux

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Q7. (KVS 2016)
Which OS is used in mobile phones?
✅ Answer: Android, iOS

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Q8. (Expected)
What does GUI stand for?
✅ Answer: Graphical User Interface

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Q9. (Expected)
Which command is used to list files in Linux?
✅ Answer: ls

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Q10. (Expected)
Which of the following is not an OS?
A) Windows B) MS Word C) Linux D) macOS
✅ Answer: B) MS Word

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